Validación de un instrumento para la categorización de usuarios, según dependencia y riesgo de cuidados, adaptado para servicios de neonatología de hospitales públicos de Chile / Validation of an instrument for the categorization of users according to dependence and risk of care, adapted for neonatology services of public hospitals of Chile

La categorización de usuarios según dependencia y riesgo de cuidados a través del instrumento CUDYR, responde a la reforma de salud chilena, que enfoca la gestión de las instituciones asistenciales, los cuales deben mejorar su eficiencia, efectividad, calidad y seguridad, otorgando una herramienta para la gestión del cuidado en atención cerrada. El objetivo de este estudio fue adaptar y validar el instrumento CUDYR para servicios de Neonatología de hospitales públicos de Chile. La muestra no probabilística correspondió a los casos disponibles por intención según los criterios de inclusión de juicio de expertos y estuvo conformada por 152 pacientes de un hospital público de Chile. Se aplicó consentimiento informado, utilizando los principios éticos propuestos por Ezequiel Emanuel. Se realizó adaptación del instrumento vigente por expertos en el área, abarcando filosofía de cuidados neonatales, y validación por contenido por contraparte experta en el área obteniéndose una calificación entre un 97% y 100% sobre la pertinencia de los ítems propuestos. Se aplicó el instrumento CUDYR-NEO durante diciembre de 2017. El instrumento final quedó conformado por dos dimensiones con una fiabilidad estimada mediante alfa ordinal de 0,89 y una varianza extraída de aprox. 0,56 (sobre 0,5) lo cual determina una alta calidad de medición del instrumento. Además, el instrumento cumple tanto con la validez convergente, así como con la validez discriminante. La saturación de los ítems en los factores latentes presentó cargas factoriales por sobre los 0,47 con un máximo de 0,99 consideradas como altas. Se concluye que el instrumento CUDYR-NEO presenta propiedades psicométricas suficientes y altas de fiabilidad y validez, constituyendo una herramienta adecuada para la categorización de usuarios según dependencia-riesgo en servicios de Neonatología.

The categorization of users according to dependence and risk of care through the CUDYR instrument, responds to the Chilean health reform, which focuses on the management of healthcare institutions, which should improve their efficiency, effectiveness, quality and safety, providing a tool for the management of care in closed care. The objective of this study was to adapt and validate the CUDYR-NEO instrument based on the CUDYR for Neonatology services of public hospitals in Chile. The non-probabilistic sample corresponded to the cases available by intention according to the inclusion criteria of expert judgment and consisted of 152 patients from a public hospital in Chile, informed consent was applied, using the ethical principles proposed by Ezequiel Emanuel. The current instrument was adapted by experts in the area, covering the philosophy of neonatal care, and validation by content by expert counterparts in the area, obtaining a score between 97% and 100% on the relevance of the proposed items. The CUDYR-NEO instrument was applied during December 2017. The final instrument was made up of two dimensions with a reliability estimated by ordinal alpha of 0.89 and an extracted variance of approx. 0.56 (about 0.5) which determines a high measurement quality of the instrument. In addition, the instrument meets both the convergent validity as well as the discriminant validity. The saturation of the items in the latent factors presented factorial loads over the 0,478 with a maximum of 0.99 considered as high. It is concluded that the CUDYR-NEO instrument has sufficient psychometric properties and high reliability and validity, constituting an adequate tool for the categorization of users according to risk-dependency and care management in Neonatology services.

[Recommendations on organization, design, characteristics and operation of neonatology services]. / Recomendaciones de organización, diseño, características y funcionamiento de servicios o unidades de neonatología.

Neonatal care has undergone important advances involving the technology for treatment and mo nitoring, the design of care spaces, the incorporation of support professionals, and, especially, the strengthening of an organizational model in networks with centers of different levels of care. Neona tal units should be located in centers with maternity services and, ideally, with pediatric ones of an equivalent level of care. This document defines the admission and transfer criteria according to the level of care and among the different levels, respectively. The evidence recommends an individual room design due to the associated benefits such as decreased occurrence and better control of health care-associated infections, improved breastfeeding, and better interaction with parents. The sugges ted room sizes favor the implementation of the family-centered care model. These recommendations establish the possibility of performing emergency surgical procedures in the neonatal unit and define the safety criteria of the physical plant. In addition, they define the human resources according to the level of care, recognizing the time dedicated to non-direct patient care activities, , and the re quirements of non-medical professionals such as psychologists, physical and respiratory therapists, occupational therapists, speech therapists, pharmacists, dietitians, and social workers. Neonatal care should be led by the neonatologist allowing the participation of general pediatricians with training and demonstrated experience in neonatal care. Midwives and neonatal nurses should have accredited formation in such area. The purpose of this document is to update the "Recommendations on the Organization, Characteristics and Operation of Neonatology Services or Units" to serve as an orien tation and guide for the design and management of neonatal care in public and private health care centers in the country.

IAP Guideline on Practicing Safely During COVID-19 Era: Clinics and Small Establishments.

JUSTIFICATION: The unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic has had a formidable impact on Indian health care. With no sight of its end as yet, various establishments including the smaller clinics and nursing homes are restarting full operations. Hence, there is the need for recommendations to allow safe practice ensuring the safety of both the heath care worker (HCW) and patients. PROCESS: Indian Academy of Pediatrics organized an online meeting of subject experts on 27 July, 2020. A committee was formed comprising of pediatricians, pediatric and neonatal intensivists, and hospital administrators. The committee held deliberations (online and via emails) and a final consensus was reached by November, 2020. OBJECTIVES: To develop recommendations to provide a safe and practical healthcare facility at clinics and small establishments during COVID times. RECOMMENDATIONS: The key recommendation to practise safely in this setting are enumerated. Firstly, organizing the out-patient department (OPD). Secondly, appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) to provide protection to the individual. Thirdly, decontamination/disinfection of various common surfaces and equipment to prevent transmission of infection from fomites. Next, maintaining the heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) to provide a stress-free, comfortable, and safe environment for patients and HCWs. Finally, steps to effectively manage COVID-19 exposures in a non-COVID-19 facility. All these measures will ensure safe practice during these unprecedent times in clinics and smaller establishments.

[The child health nurse at the heart of complex care in neonatology]. / L'infirmière puéricultrice au cœur des soins complexes en néonatologie.

Child health nurses in neonatology provide complex, global and individualised care for newborns, in collaboration with other hospital professionals and working closely with the family. They also support parents and help them develop their skills. A central role for which the profession is now seeking to improve recognition.

How to do no harm: empowering local leaders to make care safer in low-resource settings.

In a companion paper, we showed how local hospital leaders could assess systems and identify key safety concerns and targets for system improvement. In the present paper, we consider how these leaders might implement practical, low-cost interventions to improve safety. Our focus is on making immediate safety improvements both to directly improve patient care and as a foundation for advancing care in the longer-term. We describe a 'portfolio' approach to safety improvement in four broad categories: prioritising critical processes, such as checking drug doses; strengthening the overall system of care, for example, by introducing multiprofessional handovers; control of known risks, such as only using continuous positive airway pressure when appropriate conditions are met; and enhancing detection and response to hazardous situations, such as introducing brief team meetings to identify and respond to immediate threats and challenges. Local clinical leaders and managers face numerous challenges in delivering safe care but, if given sufficient support, they are nevertheless in a position to bring about major improvements. Skills in improving safety and quality should be recognised as equivalent to any other form of (sub)specialty training and as an essential element of any senior clinical or management role. National professional organisations need to promote appropriate education and provide coaching, mentorship and support to local leaders.

Parents' ratings of post-discharge healthcare for their children born very preterm and their suggestions for improvement: a European cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Follow-up of very preterm infants is essential for reducing risks of health and developmental problems and relies on parental engagement. We investigated parents' perceptions of post-discharge healthcare for their children born very preterm in a European multi-country cohort study. METHODS: Data come from a 5-year follow-up of an area-based cohort of births <32 weeks' gestation in 19 regions from 11 European countries. Perinatal data were collected from medical records and 5-year data from parent-report questionnaires. Parents rated post-discharge care related to their children's preterm birth (poor/fair/good/excellent) and provided free-text suggestions for improvements. We analyzed sociodemographic and medical factors associated with poor/fair ratings, using inverse probability weights to adjust for attrition bias, and assessed free-text responses using thematic analysis. RESULTS: Questionnaires were returned for 3635 children (53.8% response rate). Care was rated as poor/fair for 14.2% [from 6.1% (France) to 31.6% (Denmark)]; rates were higher when children had health or developmental problems (e.g. cerebral palsy (34.4%) or epilepsy (36.9%)). From 971 responses, 4 themes and 25 subthemes concerning care improvement were identified. CONCLUSIONS: Parents' experiences provide guidance for improving very preterm children's post-discharge care; this is a priority for children with health and developmental problems as parental dissatisfaction was high. IMPACT: In a European population-based very preterm birth cohort, parents rated post-discharge healthcare as poor or fair for 14.2% of children, with a wide variation (6.1-31.6%) between countries. Dissatisfaction was reported in over one-third of cases when children had health or developmental difficulties, such as epilepsy or cerebral palsy. Parents' free-text suggestions for improving preterm-related post-discharge healthcare were similar across countries; these focused primarily on better communication with parents and better coordination of care. Parents' lived experiences are a valuable resource for understanding where care improvements are needed and should be included in future research.

Growth and changes in the pediatric medical subspecialty workforce pipeline.

BACKGROUND: To inform discussions of pediatric subspecialty workforce adequacy and characterize its pipeline, we examined trends in first-year fellows in the 14 American Board of Pediatrics (ABP)-certified pediatric medical subspecialties, 2001-2018. METHODS: Data were obtained from the ABP Certification Management System. We determined, within each subspecialty, the annual number of first-year fellows. We assessed for changes in the population using variables available throughout the study period (gender, medical school location, program region, and program size). We fit linear trendlines and calculated χ2 statistics. RESULTS: The number of first-year pediatric medical subspecialty fellows increased from 751 in 2001 to 1445 in 2018. Fields with the growth of 3 or more fellows per year were Cardiology, Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, Gastroenterology, Neonatology, and Hematology Oncology (P value <0.05 for all). The number of fellows entering Adolescent Medicine, Child Abuse, Infectious Disease, and Nephrology increased at a rate of 0.5 fellows or fewer per year. Female American Medical Graduates represented the largest and growing proportions of several subspecialties. Distribution of programs by region and size were relatively consistent over time, but varied across subspecialties. CONCLUSIONS: The number of pediatricians entering medical subspecialty fellowship training is uneven and patterns of growth differ between subspecialties. IMPACT: The number of individuals entering fellowship training has increased between 2001 and 2018. Growth in the number of first-year fellows is uneven. Fields with the greatest growth: Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Neonatology. Fields with limited growth: Adolescent Medicine, Child Abuse, Infectious Disease, and Nephrology. Concerns about the pediatric medical subspecialty workforce are not explained by the number of individuals entering the fellowship.

[How can the process of paternity in neonatology be boosted?] / Comment dynamiser le processus de paternalité en néonatologie ?

Premature birth is a test for fatherhood's process: it may hinder the ability to feel like a father or like a good father, and the ability to make the baby be part of the family line. A clinical research did explore how care givers in neonatal services may deploy psychic functions which support and revitalize a process of fatherhood which is potentially disturbed.

Opportunities for the federal government to advance necrotizing enterocolitis research.

BACKGROUND: Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the neonatal ICU with minimal progress in the research. METHODS: Federal webpages were queried to look for funding opportunity announcements (FOAs) and to develop lists of funded projects on NEC to identify gaps in NEC-related research topics. RESULTS: Over the past 30 years, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) issued two FOAs to stimulate research on NEC with $4.1 million set aside for the first year of respective funding. We identified 23 recently funded studies of which 18 were research projects, 4 training grants, and 1 conference grant support. Only one grant focused on parent and family engagement in the NICU. CONCLUSION: There are significant research gaps that can be addressed with adequate funding from the federal government on the prevention and treatment of NEC.

Nuevas generaciones de oximetría de pulso en neonatología / New generations of pulse oximetry in neonatology

CONTEXTO: El diagnóstico y monitoreo del nivel de oxígeno1 (O2) en el organismo resulta de gran importancia en la atención de salud en diversos casos. La insuficiencia respiratoria hipoxémica es la primera causa de hospitalización en pediatría, el control estricto de la oxemia es mandatorio en pacientes neonatos prematuros, debido al riesgo de daños retinianos ante la exposición prolongada a concentraciones elevadas de oxígeno, también es utilizada la evaluación de la saturación de oxígeno en los miembros para descartar ciertas cardiopatías congénitas. En los pacientes críticos con necesidad de ventilación mecánica u otras modalidades, la determinación del oxígeno en sangre resulta un parámetro imprescindible para monitorear la calidad del tratamiento de soporte. En estos pacientes puede realizarse por determinación directa en catéteres arteriales, o indirectamente por métodos de saturometría de pulso. La evaluación de la hipoxemia se realiza con medición de gases arteriales y a través de metodologías no invasivas con saturometría de pulso, sin embargo, esta medición puede verse afectada por diversos factores como la intensidad de la luz ambiental, pigmentación de la piel, perfusión tisular, concentración de hemoglobina y otros. La cianosis es un signo tardío de hipoxemia apareciendo habitualmente con saturación de oxígeno menor a 75%. La oximetría de pulso es una herramienta que permite medir en forma no invasiva la saturación de oxígeno de la hemoglobina y ha significado una revolución en el manejo y monitorización de los pacientes con insuficiencia respiratoria. Se caracteriza por ser simple, no invasiva y razonablemente confiable en la mayoría de las circunstancias clínicas.En los últimos 15 años los avances tecnológicos y la competencia entre marcas y modelos van favoreciendo la aparición de oxímetros de pulso más pequeños y más económicos, difundiendo su utilización ampliamente. METODOLOGÍA: Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos bibliográficas detalladas a continuación, en el repositorio y página de OMS y OPS, en BRISA de RedETSA, en sitios de Agencias de Evaluación de Tecnologías Sanitarias y Agencias nacionales e internacionales reguladoras de alimentos, medicamentos y dispositivos, las que se detallan más abajo, en Tripdatabase, Epistemonikos, buscadores genéricos de Internet como google académico. Se buscaron Guía de Práctica Clínica de las sociedades relacionadas con atención del recién nacido, neonatología, cuidados críticos, terapias respiratorias invasivas, priorizando las del Ministerio de Salud de la Nación Argentina y de la Provincia de Neuquén. RESULTADOS: Se realizó una búsqueda en los registros de la Administración Nacional de Medicamentos, Alimentos y Tecnología Médica (ANMAT), de las opciones de oximetría de pulso disponibles para comercialización en Argentina. Descripción de la Tecnología: Se identifican dos tecnologías disponibles en Argentina que se corresponden con nuestra definición de nueva generación de oxímetro de pulso. Tecnologías alternativas: Medición de PO2 capilar por saturometría convencional y punción para medición de gases arteriales. CONCLUSIONES: La utilización de la oximetría de pulso está recomendada a nivel mundial para uso en pacientes críticos de neonatología y rastreo de cardiopatías congénitas en recién nacidos sanos . Al hablar de las nuevas generaciones de oximetría de pulso (tecnología SET y nuevos algoritmos) no existe evidencia de alta calidad que respalde el reemplazo de los convencionales, teniendo en cuenta su elevado costo, costo de oportunidad y potencial impacto en la equidad. Los expertos consultados muestran satisfacción con los resultados obtenidos con este tipo de nueva tecnología, pero no puede respaldarse su percepción en evidencias científicas sólidas con bajo riesgo de sesgos Al considerar que la tecnología SET está en uso desde hace 10 años en la neonatología del HPN mediante donaciones de programas verticales, se recomienda la gestión de estas adquisiciones en forma centralizada y de esta manera unificar los criterios para los Servicios de Neonatología de la provincia. Se recomienda centralizar y revisar los criterios de aceptación de donaciones de equipos médicos. Se recomienda la renovación de equipamientos según necesidad en el Servicio de Neonatología del HPN, siendo esta donde se internan los pacientes críticos y la redistribución de los equipos antiguos en el resto de los hospitales de la provincia. En todos los casos es necesario un plan de gestión del ciclo de la tecnología que incluya los correspondientes mantenimientos preventivos y correctivos, el monitoreo de fallas y la planificación a mediano y largo plazo.

Reflexions d'un equip de residents durant la rotació a Neonatologia, planta de puerperi, en època de Covid-19 / No disponible

No disponible

Video-call based newborn triage system for local birth centres can be established without major instalment costs using commercially available smartphones.

Neonates often develop transition problems after low-risk birth, precise assessment of which is difficult at primary birth centres. The aim of this study was to assess whether a video triage system can be established without a specially designed communication system between local birth centres and a tertiary neonatal intensive care unit in a region with a population of 700,000. 761 neonates who were referred to a tertiary neonatal intensive care unit were examined. During period 1 (April 2011-August 2015), only a voice call was available for consultations, whereas, during period 2 (September 2015-December 2017), a video call was additionally available. The respiratory condition was assessed based on an established visual assessment tool. A video consultation system was established by connecting personal smartphones at local birth centres with a host computer at a tertiary neonatal intensive care centre. During period 2, video-based triage was performed for 42.4% of 236 consultations at 30 birth centres. Sensitivity and specificity for predicting newborns with critical respiratory dysfunction changed from 0.758 to 0.898 and 0.684 to 0.661, respectively. A video consultation system for ill neonates was established without major instalment costs. Our strategy might improve the transportation system in both high- and low-resource settings.

Consensus Guidelines for Perioperative Care in Neonatal Intestinal Surgery: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS®) Society Recommendations.

BACKGROUND: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS®) Society guidelines integrate evidence-based practices into multimodal care pathways that have improved outcomes in multiple adult surgical specialties. There are currently no pediatric ERAS® Society guidelines. We created an ERAS® guideline designed to enhance quality of care in neonatal intestinal resection surgery. METHODS: A multidisciplinary guideline generation group defined the scope, population, and guideline topics. Systematic reviews were supplemented by targeted searching and expert identification to identify 3514 publications that were screened to develop and support recommendations. Final recommendations were determined through consensus and were assessed for evidence quality and recommendation strength. Parental input was attained throughout the process. RESULTS: Final recommendations ranged from communication strategies to antibiotic use. Topics with poor-quality and conflicting evidence were eliminated. Several recommendations were combined. The quality of supporting evidence was variable. Seventeen final recommendations are included in the proposed guideline. DISCUSSION: We have developed a comprehensive, evidence-based ERAS guideline for neonates undergoing intestinal resection surgery. This guideline, and its creation process, provides a foundation for future ERAS guideline development and can ultimately lead to improved perioperative care across a variety of pediatric surgical specialties.

A pilot study exploring interventions for physician distress in pediatric subspecialists.

BACKGROUND: While institution-sponsored wellness programs may be effective, little is known about their availability and utilization in pediatric subspecialists, and about programs physicians wish were available. METHODS: A survey of perceptions about, and availability and utilization of institutional wellness activities, was distributed electronically to pediatric subspecialists nationally. Bivariate analyses were performed using χ2 tests or independent t tests. Multivariable logistic regression models for categories of institution-sponsored programming as a function of potential predictors of program utilization were performed. Qualitative content analysis was performed for free-text survey answers. RESULTS: Approximately 60% of respondents participated in institution-sponsored wellness opportunities. Debriefs, Schwartz Center Rounds, mental health services, and team building events were the most available institution-sponsored wellness activities, whereas debriefs, team building, Schwartz Center Rounds, and pet therapy were most frequently utilized. Respondents desired greater social/emotional support, improved leadership, enhanced organizational support, and modifications to the physical work environment, with no significant differences across subspecialties for "wish list" items. CONCLUSIONS: Physician wellness requires more than a "one-size-fits-all" initiative. Our data highlight the importance of encouraging and normalizing self-care practices, and of listening to what physicians articulate about their needs. Pre-implementation needs assessment allows a "bottom-up" approach where physician voices can be heard.